Case Studies

“My dad has always been huge on letting people use our land for hunting and hiking. He’s always said it’s the luck of the draw that we have it. If the roles were reversed, he’d appreciate somebody allowing him access.”
John Rumney, Rumney Cattle Company

Looking at a thriving wildlife landscape like that on the Rumney Cattle Co. property, it’s easy to think Montana’s wildlife populations have always thrived. Many people believe that because of the state’s remote nature, Montana was somehow forgotten in the commercial hunting and trapping frenzy that nearly wiped out every big game species—ungulates and predators—as the West was settled. That couldn’t be further from the truth. And while most people know about the demise of buffalo, grizzlies, and wolves, far fewer know there was also a time when there were very few big game, fish, upland birds and waterfowl, even in Montana.

“Our conservation history goes back to our territorial establishment in 1864 when the first territorial legislature had passed the first conservation law that settlers could no longer fish with dynamite but had to use hook, line and pole to save the fisheries from being wiped out,” said Mike Korn, a former landowner-sportsman relations coordinator for FWP.

To illustrate this point further, in 1905, a Bozeman man named Elers Koch, one of Montana’s first Forest Service Rangers, was assigned to the stretch of land that’s now the Bob Marshall Wilderness. He walked for 30 days across the Bob, into Glacier, and to the North Fork of the Flathead River. Throughout the entire journey, he only saw two living animals— a grouse and a mountain goat.

In response to the disappearance of wildlife and preserving natural wonders, Montanans convinced President Grant to set aside Yellowstone and President Teddy Roosevelt to set aside the National Bison Range. Roosevelt also successfully designated millions of acres in the state as national forests. President Taft set aside Glacier.

This coincided nicely with the passing of the Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act in 1937, a nationwide act to fund wildlife restoration, habitat improvement, and land acquisition through an excise tax on firearms, ammunition and archery equipment. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service administers the revenue from these sales and distributes it to each state’s wildlife management agency.

Then, in 1972, Montanans wrote our state constitution to uniquely include the right to a clean and healthy environment. In 1975, the Montana Open Space and Voluntary Conservation Easement Act became law, the principal tool for private land conservation. This opened the door to voluntary, permanent private land protection.

Habitat Montana is just one in a long line of specific and concerted efforts to restore Montana’s wildlife abundance.

Chris Marchion, former president and current board member of the Montana Wildlife Federation and founder of the Anaconda’s Sportsman Club, traces Habitat’s inception to 1981 when President Reagan froze government spending on the Land and Water Conservation Funding (LWCF). The fund was intended to set aside $900 million annually to protect vital wildlife habitats and provide public access. (The Sun River Wildlife Management Area is an example of an LWCF-funded site in Montana.)

Even in the 1980s, there was growing pressure on real estate for higher economic use than agriculture. At about the same time, family farms were reaching the end of one generation and starting to transition to another. However, a willing member of the next ranching or farming generation didn’t always have the financial means to make a go of it as massive agriculture companies were consolidating large family properties.

Amid this situation, which coincided with Reagan cutting federal spending, Montanans rallied together. They began discussing options for setting aside consistent funding for the state wildlife agency to acquire, purchase, and conserve habitat with high wildlife values that often adjoin public lands to help preserve our unique wildlife populations. The idea was intentionally protecting land through conservation easements, inspired by what was happening nationally being led by organizations like The Nature Conservancy and the Trust for Public Land.

Both hunting and conservation groups called on the legislature to create a funding source for FWP to protect critical wildlife habitats. In 1987, legislation passed that founded Habitat Montana, funded with $3 million annually in out-of-state hunting licenses and the excise tax from ammunition, firearms, and sporting equipment. The legislation directed FWP to spend the funding primarily on conservation easements. Habitat Montana was a mechanism, a stable funding vehicle, to pay for conservation efforts that people recognized needed to occur.

Conservation efforts in Montana have long been an incredible story. It’s rare that the exploiter of a resource—hunters, in this case—not only stopped short of destroying that resource—wildlife—but volunteered to save it. The hunting community proposed that taxes from ammunition and hunting licenses go to recovering decreasing wildlife numbers. Over a half-century later, wildlife populations are increasing, users are paying for it, and everybody benefits.

“Montana has one of the highest participation rates in hunting and fishing in the nation,” said Bob Sanders, Ducks Unlimited manager of conservation programs in Montana. “The access to good wildlife habitat is one of the reasons why many people, including myself, live here. Habitat Montana is one of the best things about Montana. No other easement programs provide for public access in the state.”

Habitat Montana allows private landowners to keep their properties in the family by using conservation easements to help keep their farms afloat. These landowners continue to be valued as agricultural producers in the American economy while simultaneously providing habitat for wild things that people hunt and fish. The people paying for it are those who like to hunt and fish.

“Voluntary rancher-friendly conservation programs, like conservation easements, keep good grassland on the landscape, keep habitat from not being fragmented and create an optimal equation not only for waterfowl but also for upland birds and big game species, including some of the best pronghorn migration corridors,” said Adam McDaniel, Ducks Unlimited biologist. “These easements create a partnership with the federal, state, and other NGOs and private landowners. That equation allows for good, intact prairie grasslands combined with a mosaic of BLM and state land.”

“Montana has one of the highest participation rates in hunting and fishing in the nation. The access to good wildlife habitat is one of the reasons why many people, including myself, live here. Habitat Montana is one of the best things about Montana. No other easement programs provide for public access in the state.”
Bob Sanders, Ducks Unlimited

According to an economic study in 2019, it became clear that more funding was needed for Habitat Montana. Paying for the resource needs for working lands, wildlife conservation, and recreation had exceeded budget allocations, including federal allocations, which also play a crucial role in protecting and maintaining the state’s lands. That year, Montana landowners and nonprofit land trusts had filed $33.6 million in proposals for federal and state conservation funding programs—but only $21.2 million were approved, leaving a $12.4 million funding gap. Existing state funding wasn’t keeping pace with the growing demands for public access, protecting working farms and ranches, and managing Montana’s fish and wildlife populations.

Again, Montanans began to rally around conservation efforts and funding. The model of hunters and anglers predominantly funding wildlife conservation, easements, and wildlife agencies was “a fantastic model that could be broadened to include other recreational users and take the burden off hunters and anglers,” said Dave Chadwick, former president of Montana Wildlife Federation.

Around the same time, a ballot initiative to legalize marijuana was gaining momentum. Pepper Petersen, President and CEO of the Montana Cannabis Guild, was one of the primary drivers behind it. He knew if legalization were to pass, it could benefit what Montanans value: public lands and hunting and fishing access. Thus, the initiative language stated that a portion of the sales tax from marijuana be added and diversified revenue for Habitat Montana. Voters overwhelmingly approved the initiative. Marchion says he knows people who opposed marijuana legalization but supported the initiative to boost the Habitat fund to address rising development concerns, shrinking open lands, and habitat loss.

Over half of Montana comprises private working lands, including farms, ranches, and forests. These lands contain prime agricultural soil and are often wildlife corridors connecting habitats. However, threats to working lands from development pressure, skyrocketing land prices, and agriculture challenges have made it difficult to keep them in family hands. That’s where Habitat Montana and other essential funding sources play such an important role.

“One of the cultural notions that we have here in Montana is landowners being stewards of the land,” said Korn. “Habitat Montana provides a way to incentivize landowners to be able to look at their land from a conservation point of view.”

Conservation Easements

As of June 2022, Habitat Montana funds have enabled FWP to protect 70 properties totaling nearly 340,000 acres from development through conservation easements, using $51.9 million of the funds. At the same time that it provides a critical range for wildlife, Habitat Montana benefits ranchers and farmers by providing working capital to secure financial futures, pay off debt, or expand operations.

Bruce Louden, whose farm east of Kalispell has been in that family since 1918, decided to utilize multiple conservation easements over several years on many of the family’s parcels to head off the growth they saw coming in Flathead Valley.

“In 2009, it wasn’t quite as bad as it is now as far as people moving in, but we could see how the trend is going as far as population, housing, and development,” said Louden. “We just didn’t want that to happen to our farms, and it was somewhat of a financial incentive that helped the land stay in farming.”

Conservation Leases

In 2022, FWP introduced a conservation lease, a new habitat protection tool. A lease is a voluntary, incentive-based agreement between FWP and a landowner committed to specific land management practices that protect wildlife habitat. FWP pays the landowner a one-time per-acre fee for the lease agreement, which, in contrast to a permanent easement, lasts only 30-40 years.

FWP Wildlife Division Administrator Ken McDonald recently told the Montana Free Press that the agency launched leases to give private landowners more options to protect sagebrush grasslands, prairies, and wetlands. “Working with landowners is ultimately what we’re seeking to achieve, and this lease program is just another tool to help with that,” he said. “We’re pretty excited about the projects that will hopefully get approved.”

FWP has already used the Habitat Montana program to enroll eleven properties in eastern Montana in the new habitat lease program.  The agency aims to enroll 500,000 acres of prairie habitat under 30-40-year leases by 2027.

Darwin Pfaffinger’s ranch—a 1600-acre ranch north of the Yellowstone River in eastern Montana near Hysham that’s been in his wife’s family since 1904—includes one of those leases. They hesitated to place the land in a conservation easement because Pfaffinger says he can’t predict the future: whether or not his kids will face financial hardships and need to sell part or all of the land to make ends meet.

“I don’t feel at my age that I’m in a position to tell my kids what to do with the ranch when they inherit it,” said Pfaffinger. “What if something comes up and it has to be sold? We don’t want it tied into some legal nightmare, which could cause them a lot of trouble.”

“One of the cultural notions that we have here in Montana is landowners being stewards of the land. Habitat Montana provides a way to incentivize landowners to be able to look at their land from a conservation point of view.”
Mike Korn, Retired FWP

Conservation easements permanently protect the natural characteristics of open space, wildlife habitat, and working lands, while conservation leases only maintain those characteristics for a few decades. Many Montanans, from landowners to hunters to veterans in the private lands protection space, are nervous about seeing public funding used for temporary protections rather than permanent ones.

“We’ve been working with conservation easements for almost five decades, and they are the best tool we have for certain landowners to meet their goals—whether that’s generational transfer, an influx of cash to improve operations, or just to permanently protect the land they cherish from being converted to a subdivision,” said Chris Bryant, conservation director at The Nature Conservancy. “These easements provide a sense of reassurance and optimism for the future of our natural resources and agricultural and timber economies. In comparison, leases are a form of conservation offering a smaller protection level. Conservation easements are not entered into lightly and often take years if not decades to develop and implement—yet we still have more landowner demand than capacity to get them done.”

Chris Marchion is very vocal about not supporting leases. Montana hunters created Habitat Montana to address wildlife habitat needs, he says. He believes the program has succeeded for over thirty years because of the collaborative management of FWP and conservation-minded hunters and landowners to acquire fee titles for permanent easements. “Temporary leases are not always the priority of hunters who provide the funds,” said Marchion.

Whatever tool landowners choose to protect their lands voluntarily, one thing is for sure, private land protection and working lands will continue to rely on the Habitat Montana Program and the public funding it provides.

This community of conservationists, private landowners, and government partners has written the incredible recovery story we live in today. It’s not a story of winners and losers. With Habitat Montana, everyone wins.

In addition, like much of Montana, the rise of remote work and the pandemic migration brought a significant influx of people to Flathead County. Since the spring of 2020, nearly 10,000 people have moved to the Flathead; Montana has added almost 50,000 people, a massive jump for a state that only recently numbered under one million. As a result, real estate prices have increased rapidly as demand has increased. Undeveloped lands – including working timber lands – have made way for subdivisions in what feels like a constant churn of new land ownership. It’s a perfect storm of conditions poised to irrevocably wipe out these working lands and the recreational uses around the Thompson Chain of Lakes that people here have enjoyed for generations.

“The pressure to develop and subdivide working lands and wildlife habitats has skyrocketed,” said Williams.  “If these areas are lost to residential subdivisions, it will not only fragment the land but erode the access we all enjoy, which is a cornerstone of the Montana way of life.”

The threat has spurred what’s likely to go down as one of modern Montana’s greatest conservation success stories—and spurred a remarkable partnership to save this landscape and the Montana values it nourishes. Trust for Public Land (TPL), a land trust that strives for equal access for all people to enjoy public lands, Green Diamond Resource Company, the largest timberland owner in Montana, and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (FWP) have been working toward protecting this landscape under conservation easement since Green Diamond took ownership. Called the Montana Great Outdoors Easement and spanning 86,000 acres across Flathead, Lincoln, and Sanders counties, it would ensure sustainable timber management, protect forestry and wood-product jobs, protect wildlife habitat and landscape connectivity, and continue providing public recreation access. It’s a crucial space for protecting wildlife migration; the easement abuts some of the wealthiest wildlife habitats in the northwest, including Thompson Chain of Lakes State Park, the 142,000-acre Thompson-Fisher Conservation Easement, and the 100,000-acre U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Lost Trail Conservation Area, as well as Kootenai National Forest and Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation lands. It would protect around 300,000 acres, although not all of them will be contiguous.

On August 23, 2024, the state’s Fish & Wildlife Commission unanimously approved Phase 1 of the Montana Great Outdoors Conservation Easement. According to Bill Schenk, Montana FWP’s Land and Water Program manager, FWP broke up the easement into two phases because of the uncertainty of funding limitations and considering existing conservation easements in the area.

Some might call a partnership between a land trust and a timber company unlikely. But in Montana, protecting working landscapes that provide hunting opportunities and jobs that reflect local values is a classic conservation definition.

“It’s just great to have a committed landowner committed to sustainable forestry management for the long haul and interested in keeping public recreation access opportunities alive on their lands.”
Dick Dolan, Northern Rockies Director of Trust for Public Land

When Southern Pine acquired the land, it began exploring conservation options, including developing a relationship with TPL. In purchasing the land from Southern Pine, Green Diamond inherited specific ongoing conservation projects and existing relationships, including those with TPL. At the time, Green Diamond assured the public that it would continue managing the working timberlands and ensure public access as part of their long-term plans for a conservation easement – which has become the Montana Great Outdoors Easement.

“This project is not the first of its kind but is refreshing in the sense that we have been partnering with logging companies for 25 years in northwestern Montana,” said Dick Dolan, Northern Rockies Director of Trust for Public Land. He points to the Montana Great Outdoors Easement as part of a much larger effort by TPL to protect one million acres of working lands across Montana before they’re sold off to the highest bidder for development or land costs become too extravagant to prohibit conservation purchases.

“It’s just great to have a committed landowner committed to sustainable forestry management for the long haul and interested in keeping public recreation access opportunities alive on their lands.”

Green Diamond is a sixth-generation, family-owned company that has operated for 134 years. It owns 1.6 million acres of forestland in four western states, including 291,000 acres in northwestern Montana. Green Diamond intends to maintain nearly all those Montana acres under the Montana Great Outdoors Easement. “We aim to support working timberlands by discouraging fragmentation, poorly planned development, rural sprawl and increased Wildland Urban Interface areas,” wrote Jason Callahan, policy and communications manager for Green Diamond Resources, in an email. “We support rural economies by securing resource lands for long-term resource production and provide an alternative for landowners to continue managing their lands as working forests rather than selling them off for their highest bid use, which is often development.”

Callahan continued that Green Diamond and TPL see eye to eye on shared values, like the value of conserving working forests and the renewable resources they can provide and the benefits to the public of having open space and maintaining a working land base to support rural natural resource economies.

“These habitats that TPL is working on are corporately owned timberlands, which are critical to keeping working lands that still contribute to the counties and provide jobs,” said Williams.

In the summer of northwestern Montana, Williams says, people hike and climb mountains, float rivers and lakes, and gather huckleberries; as the nights wax longer and the morning temperatures become chillier, it reminds people to collect firewood before hunting season. It is all part of the natural transition: huckleberries to firewood to hunting, “an annual cycle of mountain life here,” said Williams. “It connects us in today’s modern hustle and bustle world to the ancient dance of hunting and gathering that purchasing food in the grocery store can’t provide. The ability to legally hunt deer and elk is a privilege. We must step up to maintain that opportunity by getting involved in projects like the Montana Great Outdoors to keep these lands open for wildlife and the public.”

More and more people are moving to Montana because of the quality of life. People want public lands to recreate in. They want to raise their kids close to nature and take them fishing, hunting, hiking, and berry picking. For many, Montana is the “Treasure State” in the sense of cherishing its public lands and open space. This conservation success story is one of several that helps lower the anxiety of the state’s citizens worried about unchecked development.

These are the same reasons Williams chose to live, work, and raise his kids here. His daughter even became a junior hunter education instructor when she was younger. His kids sometimes tag along to go hunting but are now adulting in that busy stage in life. His children are grown and live independently but continue to eat wild game.

This project wouldn’t be possible without a mix of public and private funding, including the U.S. Forest Service, which pledged $20 million through its Forest Legacy Program. Other entities have stepped up, including TPL, which raised almost $4.2 million in private charity and Green Diamond has voluntarily donated the remaining balance of $13.9 million.

The State of Montana also plans to contribute $1.5 million through its Habitat Montana program, a state-administered fund to conserve Montana’s most critical and threatened wildlife habitat. With the help of the U.S. Forest Service Forest Legacy Program, the State has expanded its scope of habitat conservation to include high-priority forests that are threatened to be developed and lost forever—like the Montana Great Outdoors Easement.

The money is all in place to cover the cost of the $39.5 million easement sale, but one obstacle has arisen. WRH Nevada Properties, supported by the Gallatin Gateway-based Citizens for Balanced Use, filed a last-minute lawsuit on August 7 to halt the easement, claiming it might impact the future development of their subsurface mineral rights.

However, on October 8th, a Lincoln County District Court judge dismissed their argument, ruling that “it is unreasonable to interpret the plain language of the Proposed Easement as interfering with WRH Nevada’s mineral rights.”  WRH Nevada Properties has already appealed this ruling to the Montana Supreme Court.

On October 21, the Montana Great Outdoors Easement went before the Land Board, which comprises the governor, attorney general, secretary of state, superintendent of public instruction, and state auditor, and makes decisions about what happens to state lands, including easements. The Land Board approved the purchase with a vote of three to two, with the condition that new language be crafted in the easement to clarify further that there will be no impacts on WRH’s mineral rights. Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks and other partners have said it will be a “top priority” to craft language that will satisfy the Land Board. It’s expected the Land Board will provide final authorization before the end of 2024.

Williams worked for the state wildlife agency for over thirty years. He cannot recall how often somebody told him they lived and worked here to raise their children in a healthy environment and for Montana’s hunting and fishing opportunities, regardless of personal politics. Some people even told him they work all year for the five-week hunting season in the fall. “It was their scenery tax to make lower wages and endure long winters for the opportunity to legally pursue deer, elk and antelope in the fall.”

Williams and others in the community surrounding the easement are paying close attention to the outcome of the Montana Great Outdoors Project. This land is the community’s supermarket, playground, garden, gym, orchard and church. People all need a place like this that is wild and a place to unwind from the toils of this world.  “It’s such a unique project that highlights Montanan’s ability to collectively shelve their political beliefs and ideology and come together to fund and deliver permanent conservation,” said Williams.

“I hope this landscape remains largely intact when our kids and grandkids inherit this valley,” said Mannix. “It would be a neat legacy for our ranch to be a part of that. But protecting that will take more than just our ranch; hopefully, we’re one of many.”
Logan Mannix, Mannix Ranch

Since 2020, Montana’s population has grown 4.8 percent, making it the fourth fastest-growing state, adding nearly 50,000 people. Most in-migration has occurred in the state’s western portion, in cities like Bozeman, Kalispell, and Missoula. But now, we’re seeing growth spilling over into smaller counties that neighbor the most prominent cities. Musselshell County, between Helena and Billings, has grown 31 percent. Broadwater County, between Helena and Bozeman, has grown by 14.9 percent. Three counties north and west of Kalispell have seen steady growth, including Mineral County, which has grown 13.6 percent; Lincoln County, which has grown 11.5 percent; and Sanders, which has grown 10.8 percent.

While Montana’s landscapes are a magnet for many, this growing popularity substantially threatens our open lands. Some parts of Montana’s landscape appear as they did hundreds of years ago when Lewis and Clark passed through because farmers and ranchers have permanently protected their land using conservation easements. However, the increasing population and growth remains a serious cause for concern among Montanans.

Earlier this year, 90 percent of registered Montana respondents described development and sprawl into open lands as a severe problem. Gavin Ricklefs, Managing Director for the Heart of the Rockies Initiative, points to a recent economic study to illustrate the growing concern:  Since 1990, over 1.3 million acres of undeveloped land across Montana, primarily agricultural land, has been converted to residential subdivisions. Nearly half of the homes constructed have been on lots that average ten acres. One-quarter of all homes in Montana have been built just since 2000. Every month, Montana loses 1,500 acres of open land to development—even as Montana’s agriculture brings in $5.5 billion annually and is responsible for 30,000 jobs on 58 million acres of land that produce food to feed the state, the nation, and the world.

Beyond the acres lost, fragmenting working lands can have outsized impacts on farmers and ranchers. Landowners on neighboring working lands often enjoy a culture of helping each other, as during calving or haying. However, once neighboring lands are subdivided, conflicts can arise between residential neighbors and farms and ranches. For example, newcomers to Montana may not be familiar with what it’s like living next to working lands with tractor lights on late at night.

“There are some real pressures that come with conversion and adjacent non-agriculture landowners,” said Ricklefs.

The Mannix family faced many of the same challenges and struggles to keep afloat that other ranchers have, even before the pandemic hit. These included soaring land prices, rising machinery costs, decreasing agricultural production, and some kids heading to urban centers. However, some Mannix family members, like Logan, saw the value in returning to the ranch and connecting to the landscape of their youth. The problem was affording to keep the land as its value soared.

“It’s truer than ever now, but for a long time, we were aware that the blue-sky value of the ground was worth more than the value that we could produce off of it,” said Mannix. “My family were concerned about sprawl and they didn’t want to see it subdivided.”

The family learned about a solution that has become increasingly popular in Montana: conservation easements. These are voluntary legal agreements between a landowner and a land trust or government agency that permanently protect the land’s uses to enhance its working and conservation values.

“Having conservation easements on a rancher or farmer’s property allows them the ability to extract some of the value of the equity of the land without having to sell it,” explains Dan Huls, Ravalli County Commissioner, who has been integral in supporting the Ravalli County Open Lands Bond Program.

The majority of the Mannix Ranch has now been placed in conservation easements, which have given the family more cash to purchase neighboring ranches for sale and allow them to expand their operations. This has, in turn, allowed more family members to return to live and work on the ranch, and it’s secured their land’s future for generations to come. He says that Mannix’s grandfather, father, and uncles could have thrown in the towel, cashed out, and retired.

“Instead, they continue to put in the hours, and that’s really humbling. I hope our generation can do the same.”

Easements are “a really powerful tool,” says Mannix. He says it’s essential to get easement language right “so that future buyers of farms or ranches protected by a conservation easement can be confident their money is well spent. It also allows management to be flexible and adaptable when moving forward. It’s hard to predict the future of what plants to grow, livestock to run, whether or not to harvest timber or control-burn sagebrush.”

Land trusts work closely with ranchers to ensure the greater landscape is connected with the most critical habitats. They’re deliberate about where they accept easements because a conservation easement isn’t always the right tool for every family or parcel of land, and some of these negotiations may take years to decades to finalize.

“Conservation easements are fundamental tools consistent with Montana’s values. They’re landowner driven. Easements reflect the ability to choose a future for your land, which is an exercise of private property rights.”
Gavin Ricklefs, Heart of the Rockies Initiative

Protecting vast swaths of working lands has value beyond just the family that owns that land. When ranches are sold and parceled up, Mannix says, “It’s usually not younger people with families who buy those parcels, but older people who buy second or third homes or places to retire.” Many of these transplants don’t get involved in the community. “If we have working ranches like ours, we can provide jobs to young people in the valley with kids in school. I’ve seen family ranches versus corporate ranches, and those ranchers and their workers are often less involved, whether it’s the school board, rodeo committees, or fire departments.”

The Mannix Ranch, part of the Old Salt Co-op, also offers local beef to about 20 businesses throughout Montana, helping to boost the local economy. Some of their conservation easements allow public access for hunting, while others have permitted essential wildlife connectivity or restoration work.

“The value of land will continue to go up in Montana, and at some point, we will lose the heart of what makes this state and our landscapes so special,” said Mannix. “I hope we work hard to conserve working landscapes because if we lose ranches and farms, there will be less land protected and less land intact. I hope our ranch can remain viable, supporting families in the valley perpetually, and we can manage it well enough that it’s an intact landscape with beautiful views for the public, plenty of habitat for wildlife and other grazing animals, and continue to co-exist with predators.”

“Conservation easements are fundamental tools consistent with Montana’s values,” said Ricklefs. “They’re landowner driven. Easements reflect the ability to choose a future for your land, which is an exercise of private property rights. They’re not right for every piece of land or every family. Still, easements are a vital option that respects the values of landowners and property rights while also benefitting the local and regional community by preserving agricultural and timber production, wildlife habitat, and water quality.  That’s why conservation easements have had such a strong reception in our state. Private lands are critical to what it means to live in Montana, especially when we have this tool—conservation easements—that allows landowners with long-term visions for their farm or ranch and for the state to act on behalf of all of us.”

According to Ricklefs, Montana leads the nation in private land conservation in quantity and habitat quality. It’s also the leading state in utilizing Farm Bill conservation funding to ensure family farms and ranches are still in production and contributing to the economy for future generations. Compared to other states, Montana’s vast and diverse landscape, coupled with a small population, offers millions of acres of open land, including farms, ranches, and forests.

“Multi-generational families could have sold in any of the booms that the Bitterroot has seen in the 80s, the 90s, the 2000s, and certainly with where land values are now at all-time highs. But that’s not what they wanted to do,” said Ricklefs. “They wanted to ensure that their family legacy is protected and that their operation is still viable and can be passed down to the next generation, whether in their family or to the neighbor leasing it. One landowner has frequently said that completing a conservation easement on his land is a source of family pride second only to watching his kids turn out okay.”

According to Ricklefs, the question of whether Montana is fully prepared for the pace of change in the state has yet to be determined. He sees far more demand for conservation easements from Montana’s farmers and ranchers than land trusts can currently service.

“With limited resources and unprecedented demand, land trusts must be strategic in determining when, where, and how they work with families who desperately want to protect their farm or ranch now,” he said. “These limitations have real impacts on Montana’s farm and ranch families. A few landowners are in a position where they’re fortunate enough to be able to wait a year or two or more to protect their land permanently, but most aren’t. Our challenge as Montana continues to proliferate and farmers and ranchers increasingly look to conservation easements is to ensure these tools are consistent and available to landowners.”

Adequate funding is critical to meeting this demand. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks has also responded by boosting the Habitat Montana fund with tax revenue from state marijuana purchases. But the long-term fate of that fund is uncertain.

“We’re very grateful that Montana is a national leader when it comes to utilizing the federal Farm Bill conservation dollars,” said Ricklefs. “But we are nowhere close to having the financial resources and even the human resources available to service the demand out there for all the conservation easements across the state.”

As Montana continues to grow, one thing is for sure: Agricultural land and working ranches are feeling more pressure than ever to sell and the next ten years will be crucial for private land conservation.

“I hope this landscape remains largely intact when our kids and grandkids inherit this valley,” said Mannix. “It would be a neat legacy for our ranch to be a part of that. But protecting that will take more than just our ranch; hopefully, we’re one of many.”